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Operators in C language | C Language

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Arithmetic Operators

An arithmetic operator performs mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction and multiplication on numerical values (constants and variables).

Operator Meaning of Operator
+ addition or unary plus
- subtraction or unary minus
* multiplication
/ division
% remainder after division( modulo division)

Example

// C Program to demonstrate the working of arithmetic operators
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
    int a = 9,b = 4, c;
    
    c = a+b;
    printf("a+b = %d \n",c);

    c = a-b;
    printf("a-b = %d \n",c);
    
    c = a*b;
    printf("a*b = %d \n",c);
    
    c=a/b;
    printf("a/b = %d \n",c);
    
    c=a%b;
    printf("Remainder when a divided by b = %d \n",c);
    
    return 0;
}
Output
a+b = 13
a-b = 5
a*b = 36
a/b = 2
Remainder when a divided by b=1
The operators +, - and * computes addition, subtraction and multiplication respectively as you might have expected.
In normal calculation, 9/4 = 2.25. However, the output is 2 in the program.
It is because both variables a and b are integers. Hence, the output is also an integer. The compiler neglects the term after decimal point and shows answer 2 instead of 2.25.
The modulo operator % computes the remainder. When a = 9 is divided by b = 4, the remainder is 1. The % operator can only be used with integers.
Suppose a = 5.0, b = 2.0, c = 5 and d = 2. Then in C programming,

a/b = 2.5  // Because both operands are floating-point variables
a/d = 2.5  // Because one operand is floating-point variable
c/b = 2.5  // Because one operand is floating-point variable
c/d = 2     // Because both operands are integers
 


Relational Operators

The following table shows all the relational operators supported by C. Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20 then −

Operator Description Example
== Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not. If yes, then the condition becomes true. (A == B) is not true.
!= Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not. If the values are not equal, then the condition becomes true. (A != B) is true.
> Checks if the value of left operand is greater than the value of right operand. If yes, then the condition becomes true. (A > B) is not true.
< Checks if the value of left operand is less than the value of right operand. If yes, then the condition becomes true. (A < B) is true.
>= Checks if the value of left operand is greater than or equal to the value of right operand. If yes, then the condition becomes true. (A >= B) is not true.
<= Checks if the value of left operand is less than or equal to the value of right operand. If yes, then the condition becomes true. (A <= B) is true.



 Example


#include <stdio.h>

main() {

   int a = 21;
   int b = 10;
   int c ;

   if( a == b ) {
      printf("Line 1 - a is equal to b\n" );
   }
   else {
      printf("Line 1 - a is not equal to b\n" );
   }
 
   if ( a < b ) {
      printf("Line 2 - a is less than b\n" );
   }
   else {
      printf("Line 2 - a is not less than b\n" );
   }
 
   if ( a > b ) {
      printf("Line 3 - a is greater than b\n" );
   }
   else {
      printf("Line 3 - a is not greater than b\n" );
   }
   
   /* Lets change value of a and b */
   a = 5;
   b = 20;
 
   if ( a <= b ) {
      printf("Line 4 - a is either less than or equal to  b\n" );
   }
 
   if ( b >= a ) {
      printf("Line 5 - b is either greater than  or equal to b\n" );
   }
}


 Output

Line 1 - a is not equal to b
Line 2 - a is not less than b
Line 3 - a is greater than b
Line 4 - a is either less than or equal to  b
Line 5 - b is either greater than  or equal to b

Logical Operators

Following table shows all the logical operators supported by C language. Assume variable A holds 1 and variable B holds 0, then −


Operator Description Example
&& Called Logical AND operator. If both the operands are non-zero, then the condition becomes true. (A && B) is false.
|| Called Logical OR Operator. If any of the two operands is non-zero, then the condition becomes true. (A || B) is true.
! Called Logical NOT Operator. It is used to reverse the logical state of its operand. If a condition is true, then Logical NOT operator will make it false.

Example




#include <stdio.h>

main() {

   int a = 5;
   int b = 20;
   int c ;

   if ( a && b ) {
      printf("Line 1 - Condition is true\n" );
   }
 
   if ( a || b ) {
      printf("Line 2 - Condition is true\n" );
   }
   
   /* lets change the value of  a and b */
   a = 0;
   b = 10;
 
   if ( a && b ) {
      printf("Line 3 - Condition is true\n" );
   }
   else {
      printf("Line 3 - Condition is not true\n" );
   }
 
   if ( !(a && b) ) {
      printf("Line 4 - Condition is true\n" );
   }
 
}

Output


Line 1 - Condition is true
Line 2 - Condition is true
Line 3 - Condition is not true
Line 4 - Condition is true
 





Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operator works on bits and perform bit-by-bit operation. The truth tables for &, |, and ^ is as follows −






p
q
p & q
p | q
p ^ q




0
0
0
0
0




0
1
0
1
1




1
1
1
1
0




1
0
0
1
1




Assume A = 60 and B = 13 in binary format, they will be as follows −

A = 0011 1100

B = 0000 1101

-----------------

A&B = 0000 1100

A|B = 0011 1101

A^B = 0011 0001

~A = 1100 0011

The following table lists the bitwise operators supported by C. Assume variable 'A' holds 60 and variable 'B' holds 13, then −







Operator
Description
Example




&
Binary AND Operator copies a bit to the result if it exists in both operands. 
(A & B) = 12, i.e., 0000 1100




|
Binary OR Operator copies a bit if it exists in either operand.
(A | B) = 61, i.e., 0011 1101




^
Binary XOR Operator copies the bit if it is set in one operand but not both. 
(A ^ B) = 49, i.e., 0011 0001




~
Binary Ones Complement Operator is unary and has the effect of 'flipping' bits.
(~A ) = -61, i.e,. 1100 0011 in 2's complement form.




<<
Binary Left Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved left by the number of bits specified by the right operand.
A << 2 = 240 i.e., 1111 0000




>>
Binary Right Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved right by the number of bits specified by the right operand.
A >> 2 = 15 i.e., 0000 1111

















Example



  



#include <stdio.h>




main() {

   unsigned int a = 60; /* 60 = 0011 1100 */  
   unsigned int b = 13; /* 13 = 0000 1101 */
   int c = 0;           

   c = a & b;       /* 12 = 0000 1100 */ 
   printf("Line 1 - Value of c is %d\n", c );

   c = a | b;       /* 61 = 0011 1101 */
   printf("Line 2 - Value of c is %d\n", c );

   c = a ^ b;       /* 49 = 0011 0001 */
   printf("Line 3 - Value of c is %d\n", c );

   c = ~a;          /*-61 = 1100 0011 */
   printf("Line 4 - Value of c is %d\n", c );

   c = a << 2;     /* 240 = 1111 0000 */
   printf("Line 5 - Value of c is %d\n", c );

   c = a >> 2;     /* 15 = 0000 1111 */
   printf("Line 6 - Value of c is %d\n", c );
}


 


 



Output 


Line 1 - Value of c is 12
Line 2 - Value of c is 61
Line 3 - Value of c is 49
Line 4 - Value of c is -61
Line 5 - Value of c is 240
Line 6 - Value of c is 15


 


 


 







Assignment Operators

The following table lists the assignment operators supported by the C language −







Operator
Description
Example




=
Simple assignment operator. Assigns values from right side operands to left side operand
  C = A + B will assign the value    of A + B to C




+=
Add AND assignment operator. It adds the right operand to the left operand and assign the result to the left operand.
C += A is equivalent to C = C + A




-=
Subtract AND assignment operator. It subtracts the right operand 
from the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand.
C -= A is equivalent to C = C - A




*=
Multiply AND assignment operator. It multiplies the right operand 
with the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand.
C *= A is equivalent to C = C * A




/=
Divide AND assignment operator. It divides the left operand with the right operand and assigns the result to the left operand.
C /= A is equivalent to C = C / A




%=
Modulus AND assignment operator. It takes modulus using two operands and assigns the result to the left operand.
C %= A is equivalent to C = C % A




<<=
Left shift AND assignment operator.
C <<= 2 is same as  C = C << 2




>>=
Right shift AND assignment operator.
C >>= 2 is same as  C = C >> 2




&=
Bitwise AND assignment operator.
C &= 2 is same as  C = C & 2




^=
Bitwise exclusive OR and assignment operator.
C ^= 2 is same as  C = C ^ 2




|=
Bitwise inclusive OR and assignment operator.
C |= 2 is same as  C = C | 2















Example


#include <stdio.h>

main() {

   int a = 21;
   int c ;

   c =  a;
   printf("Line 1 - =  Operator Example, Value of c = %d\n", c );

   c +=  a;
   printf("Line 2 - += Operator Example, Value of c = %d\n", c );

   c -=  a;
   printf("Line 3 - -= Operator Example, Value of c = %d\n", c );

   c *=  a;
   printf("Line 4 - *= Operator Example, Value of c = %d\n", c );

   c /=  a;
   printf("Line 5 - /= Operator Example, Value of c = %d\n", c );

   c  = 200;
   c %=  a;
   printf("Line 6 - %= Operator Example, Value of c = %d\n", c );

   c <<=  2;
   printf("Line 7 - <<= Operator Example, Value of c = %d\n", c );

   c >>=  2;
   printf("Line 8 - >>= Operator Example, Value of c = %d\n", c );

   c &=  2;
   printf("Line 9 - &= Operator Example, Value of c = %d\n", c );

   c ^=  2;
   printf("Line 10 - ^= Operator Example, Value of c = %d\n", c );

   c |=  2;
   printf("Line 11 - |= Operator Example, Value of c = %d\n", c );

}




Output




Line 1 - =  Operator Example, Value of c = 21
Line 2 - += Operator Example, Value of c = 42
Line 3 - -= Operator Example, Value of c = 21
Line 4 - *= Operator Example, Value of c = 441
Line 5 - /= Operator Example, Value of c = 21
Line 6 - %= Operator Example, Value of c = 11
Line 7 - <<= Operator Example, Value of c = 44
Line 8 - >>= Operator Example, Value of c = 11
Line 9 - &= Operator Example, Value of c = 2
Line 10 - ^= Operator Example, Value of c = 0
Line 11 - |= Operator Example, Value of c = 2










Misc Operators ↦ sizeof & ternary

Besides the operators discussed above, there are a few other important operators including sizeof and ? : supported by the C Language.







Operator
Description
Example




sizeof()
Returns the size of a variable.
sizeof(a), where a is integer, will return 4.




&
Returns the address of a variable.
&a; returns the actual address of the variable.




*
Pointer to a variable.
*a;




? :
Conditional Expression.
If Condition is true ? then value X : otherwise value Y









Example




#include <stdio.h>

main() {

   int a = 4;
   short b;
   double c;
   int* ptr;

   /* example of sizeof operator */
   printf("Line 1 - Size of variable a = %d\n", sizeof(a) );
   printf("Line 2 - Size of variable b = %d\n", sizeof(b) );
   printf("Line 3 - Size of variable c= %d\n", sizeof(c) );

   /* example of & and * operators */
   ptr = &a; /* 'ptr' now contains the address of 'a'*/
   printf("value of a is  %d\n", a);
   printf("*ptr is %d.\n", *ptr);

   /* example of ternary operator */
   a = 10;
   b = (a == 1) ? 20: 30;
   printf( "Value of b is %d\n", b );

   b = (a == 10) ? 20: 30;
   printf( "Value of b is %d\n", b );
}


 



Output 


Line 1 - Size of variable a = 4
Line 2 - Size of variable b = 2
Line 3 - Size of variable c= 8
value of a is  4
*ptr is 4.
Value of b is 30
Value of b is 20


 


 



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