Operators in C language | C Language

 

 

Arithmetic Operators

An arithmetic operator performs mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction and multiplication on numerical values (constants and variables).

Operator	Meaning of Operator
+	addition or unary plus
-	subtraction or unary minus
*	multiplication
/	division
%	remainder after division( modulo division)

Example

// C Program to demonstrate the working of arithmetic operators
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
    int a = 9,b = 4, c;
    
    c = a+b;
    printf("a+b = %d \n",c);

    c = a-b;
    printf("a-b = %d \n",c);
    
    c = a*b;
    printf("a*b = %d \n",c);
    
    c=a/b;
    printf("a/b = %d \n",c);
    
    c=a%b;
    printf("Remainder when a divided by b = %d \n",c);
    
    return 0;
}

Output

a+b = 13
a-b = 5
a*b = 36
a/b = 2
Remainder when a divided by b=1

The operators +, - and * computes addition, subtraction and multiplication respectively as you might have expected.
In normal calculation, 9/4 = 2.25. However, the output is 2 in the program.
It is because both variables a and b are integers. Hence, the output is also an integer. The compiler neglects the term after decimal point and shows answer 2 instead of 2.25.
The modulo operator % computes the remainder. When a = 9 is divided by b = 4, the remainder is 1. The % operator can only be used with integers.

Suppose a = 5.0, b = 2.0, c = 5 and d = 2. Then in C programming,

a/b = 2.5  // Because both operands are floating-point variables
a/d = 2.5  // Because one operand is floating-point variable
c/b = 2.5  // Because one operand is floating-point variable
c/d = 2     // Because both operands are integers

Relational Operators

The following table shows all the relational operators supported by C. Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20 then −

Operator	Description	Example
==	Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not. If yes, then the condition becomes true.	(A == B) is not true.
!=	Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not. If the values are not equal, then the condition becomes true.	(A != B) is true.
>	Checks if the value of left operand is greater than the value of right operand. If yes, then the condition becomes true.	(A > B) is not true.
<	Checks if the value of left operand is less than the value of right operand. If yes, then the condition becomes true.	(A < B) is true.
>=	Checks if the value of left operand is greater than or equal to the value of right operand. If yes, then the condition becomes true.	(A >= B) is not true.
<=	Checks if the value of left operand is less than or equal to the value of right operand. If yes, then the condition becomes true.	(A <= B) is true.

 Example

#include <stdio.h>

main() {

   int a = 21;
   int b = 10;
   int c ;

   if( a == b ) {
      printf("Line 1 - a is equal to b\n" );
   }
   else {
      printf("Line 1 - a is not equal to b\n" );
   }
 
   if ( a < b ) {
      printf("Line 2 - a is less than b\n" );
   }
   else {
      printf("Line 2 - a is not less than b\n" );
   }
 
   if ( a > b ) {
      printf("Line 3 - a is greater than b\n" );
   }
   else {
      printf("Line 3 - a is not greater than b\n" );
   }
   
   /* Lets change value of a and b */
   a = 5;
   b = 20;
 
   if ( a <= b ) {
      printf("Line 4 - a is either less than or equal to  b\n" );
   }
 
   if ( b >= a ) {
      printf("Line 5 - b is either greater than  or equal to b\n" );
   }
}

 Output

Line 1 - a is not equal to b
Line 2 - a is not less than b
Line 3 - a is greater than b
Line 4 - a is either less than or equal to  b
Line 5 - b is either greater than  or equal to b

Logical Operators

Following table shows all the logical operators supported by C language. Assume variable A holds 1 and variable B holds 0, then −

Operator	Description	Example
&&	Called Logical AND operator. If both the operands are non-zero, then the condition becomes true.	(A && B) is false.
||	Called Logical OR Operator. If any of the two operands is non-zero, then the condition becomes true.	(A || B) is true.
!	Called Logical NOT Operator. It is used to reverse the logical state of its operand. If a condition is true, then Logical NOT operator will make it false.

Example

#include <stdio.h>

main() {

   int a = 5;
   int b = 20;
   int c ;

   if ( a && b ) {
      printf("Line 1 - Condition is true\n" );
   }
 
   if ( a || b ) {
      printf("Line 2 - Condition is true\n" );
   }
   
   /* lets change the value of  a and b */
   a = 0;
   b = 10;
 
   if ( a && b ) {
      printf("Line 3 - Condition is true\n" );
   }
   else {
      printf("Line 3 - Condition is not true\n" );
   }
 
   if ( !(a && b) ) {
      printf("Line 4 - Condition is true\n" );
   }
 
}

Output

Line 1 - Condition is true
Line 2 - Condition is true
Line 3 - Condition is not true
Line 4 - Condition is true

Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operator works on bits and perform bit-by-bit operation. The truth tables for &, |, and ^ is as follows −

p	q	p & q	p | q	p ^ q
0	0	0	0	0
0	1	0	1	1
1	1	1	1	0
1	0	0	1	1

Assume A = 60 and B = 13 in binary format, they will be as follows −
A = 0011 1100
B = 0000 1101
-----------------
A&B = 0000 1100
A|B = 0011 1101
A^B = 0011 0001
~A = 1100 0011
The following table lists the bitwise operators supported by C. Assume variable 'A' holds 60 and variable 'B' holds 13, then −

Operator	Description	Example
&	Binary AND Operator copies a bit to the result if it exists in both operands.	(A & B) = 12, i.e., 0000 1100
|	Binary OR Operator copies a bit if it exists in either operand.	(A | B) = 61, i.e., 0011 1101
^	Binary XOR Operator copies the bit if it is set in one operand but not both.	(A ^ B) = 49, i.e., 0011 0001
~	Binary Ones Complement Operator is unary and has the effect of 'flipping' bits.	(~A ) = -61, i.e,. 1100 0011 in 2's complement form.
<<	Binary Left Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved left by the number of bits specified by the right operand.	A << 2 = 240 i.e., 1111 0000
>>	Binary Right Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved right by the number of bits specified by the right operand.	A >> 2 = 15 i.e., 0000 1111

Example

  

#include <stdio.h>

main() {

   unsigned int a = 60; /* 60 = 0011 1100 */  
   unsigned int b = 13; /* 13 = 0000 1101 */
   int c = 0;           

   c = a & b;       /* 12 = 0000 1100 */ 
   printf("Line 1 - Value of c is %d\n", c );

   c = a | b;       /* 61 = 0011 1101 */
   printf("Line 2 - Value of c is %d\n", c );

   c = a ^ b;       /* 49 = 0011 0001 */
   printf("Line 3 - Value of c is %d\n", c );

   c = ~a;          /*-61 = 1100 0011 */
   printf("Line 4 - Value of c is %d\n", c );

   c = a << 2;     /* 240 = 1111 0000 */
   printf("Line 5 - Value of c is %d\n", c );

   c = a >> 2;     /* 15 = 0000 1111 */
   printf("Line 6 - Value of c is %d\n", c );
}

Output

Line 1 - Value of c is 12
Line 2 - Value of c is 61
Line 3 - Value of c is 49
Line 4 - Value of c is -61
Line 5 - Value of c is 240
Line 6 - Value of c is 15

Assignment Operators

The following table lists the assignment operators supported by the C language −

Operator	Description	Example
=	Simple assignment operator. Assigns values from right side operands to left side operand	C = A + B will assign the value    of A + B to C
+=	Add AND assignment operator. It adds the right operand to the left operand and assign the result to the left operand.	C += A is equivalent to C = C + A
-=	Subtract AND assignment operator. It subtracts the right operand from the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand.	C -= A is equivalent to C = C - A
*=	Multiply AND assignment operator. It multiplies the right operand with the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand.	C *= A is equivalent to C = C * A
/=	Divide AND assignment operator. It divides the left operand with the right operand and assigns the result to the left operand.	C /= A is equivalent to C = C / A
%=	Modulus AND assignment operator. It takes modulus using two operands and assigns the result to the left operand.	C %= A is equivalent to C = C % A
<<=	Left shift AND assignment operator.	C <<= 2 is same as C = C << 2
>>=	Right shift AND assignment operator.	C >>= 2 is same as C = C >> 2
&=	Bitwise AND assignment operator.	C &= 2 is same as C = C & 2
^=	Bitwise exclusive OR and assignment operator.	C ^= 2 is same as C = C ^ 2
|=	Bitwise inclusive OR and assignment operator.	C |= 2 is same as C = C | 2

Example

#include <stdio.h>

main() {

   int a = 21;
   int c ;

   c =  a;
   printf("Line 1 - =  Operator Example, Value of c = %d\n", c );

   c +=  a;
   printf("Line 2 - += Operator Example, Value of c = %d\n", c );

   c -=  a;
   printf("Line 3 - -= Operator Example, Value of c = %d\n", c );

   c *=  a;
   printf("Line 4 - *= Operator Example, Value of c = %d\n", c );

   c /=  a;
   printf("Line 5 - /= Operator Example, Value of c = %d\n", c );

   c  = 200;
   c %=  a;
   printf("Line 6 - %= Operator Example, Value of c = %d\n", c );

   c <<=  2;
   printf("Line 7 - <<= Operator Example, Value of c = %d\n", c );

   c >>=  2;
   printf("Line 8 - >>= Operator Example, Value of c = %d\n", c );

   c &=  2;
   printf("Line 9 - &= Operator Example, Value of c = %d\n", c );

   c ^=  2;
   printf("Line 10 - ^= Operator Example, Value of c = %d\n", c );

   c |=  2;
   printf("Line 11 - |= Operator Example, Value of c = %d\n", c );

}

Output

Line 1 - =  Operator Example, Value of c = 21
Line 2 - += Operator Example, Value of c = 42
Line 3 - -= Operator Example, Value of c = 21
Line 4 - *= Operator Example, Value of c = 441
Line 5 - /= Operator Example, Value of c = 21
Line 6 - %= Operator Example, Value of c = 11
Line 7 - <<= Operator Example, Value of c = 44
Line 8 - >>= Operator Example, Value of c = 11
Line 9 - &= Operator Example, Value of c = 2
Line 10 - ^= Operator Example, Value of c = 0
Line 11 - |= Operator Example, Value of c = 2

Misc Operators ↦ sizeof & ternary

Besides the operators discussed above, there are a few other important operators including sizeof and ? : supported by the C Language.

Operator	Description	Example
sizeof()	Returns the size of a variable.	sizeof(a), where a is integer, will return 4.
&	Returns the address of a variable.	&a; returns the actual address of the variable.
*	Pointer to a variable.	*a;
? :	Conditional Expression.	If Condition is true ? then value X : otherwise value Y

Example

#include <stdio.h>

main() {

   int a = 4;
   short b;
   double c;
   int* ptr;

   /* example of sizeof operator */
   printf("Line 1 - Size of variable a = %d\n", sizeof(a) );
   printf("Line 2 - Size of variable b = %d\n", sizeof(b) );
   printf("Line 3 - Size of variable c= %d\n", sizeof(c) );

   /* example of & and * operators */
   ptr = &a; /* 'ptr' now contains the address of 'a'*/
   printf("value of a is  %d\n", a);
   printf("*ptr is %d.\n", *ptr);

   /* example of ternary operator */
   a = 10;
   b = (a == 1) ? 20: 30;
   printf( "Value of b is %d\n", b );

   b = (a == 10) ? 20: 30;
   printf( "Value of b is %d\n", b );
}

Output

Line 1 - Size of variable a = 4
Line 2 - Size of variable b = 2
Line 3 - Size of variable c= 8
value of a is  4
*ptr is 4.
Value of b is 30
Value of b is 20

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What are Variables and constants in C Programming | C language

What is Variable and Constants in C programming ? 

 

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 Variables

In programming, a variable is a container (storage area) to hold data.

To indicate the storage area, each variable should be given a unique name (identifier). Variable names are just the symbolic representation of a memory location. For example:

int playerScore = 95;

Here, playerScore is a variable of integer type. The variable is assigned value: 95.
The value of a variable can be changed, hence the name 'variable'.
In C programming, you have to declare a variable before you can use it.

Rules for naming a variable in C

1. A variable name can have letters (both uppercase and lowercase letters), digits and underscore only.
2. The first letter of a variable should be either a letter or an underscore. However, it is discouraged to start variable name with an underscore. It is because variable name that starts with an underscore can conflict with system name and may cause error.
3. There is no rule on how long a variable can be. However, only the first 31 characters of a variable are checked by the compiler. So, the first 31 letters of two variables in a program should be different.

C is a strongly typed language. What this means it that, the type of a variable cannot be changed.
Visit this page to learn more about different types of data a variable can store.

Constants/Literals

A constant is a value or an identifier whose value cannot be altered in a program. For example: 1, 2.5, "C programming is easy", etc.
As mentioned, an identifier also can be defined as a constant.

const double PI = 3.14

Here, PI is a constant. Basically what it means is that, PI and 3.14 is same for this program.

Below are the different types of constants you can use in C.

1. Integer constants

An integer constant is a numeric constant (associated with number) without any fractional or exponential part. There are three types of integer constants in C programming:

• decimal constant(base 10)
• octal constant(base 8)
• hexadecimal constant(base 16)

For example:

Decimal constants: 0, -9, 22 etc
Octal constants: 021, 077, 033 etc
Hexadecimal constants: 0x7f, 0x2a, 0x521 etc

In C programming, octal constant starts with a 0 and hexadecimal constant starts with a 0x.

2. Floating-point constants

A floating point constant is a numeric constant that has either a fractional form or an exponent form. For example:

-2.0
0.0000234
-0.22E-5

Note: E-5 = 10^-5

3. Character constants

A character constant is a constant which uses single quotation around characters. For example: 'a', 'l', 'm', 'F'

4. Escape Sequences

Sometimes, it is necessary to use characters which cannot be typed or has special meaning in C programming. For example: newline(enter), tab, question mark etc. In order to use these characters, escape sequence is used.
For example: \n is used for newline. The backslash ( \ ) causes "escape" from the normal way the characters are interpreted by the compiler.

Escape Sequences

Escape Sequences	Character
\b	Backspace
\f	Form feed
\n	Newline
\r	Return
\t	Horizontal tab
\v	Vertical tab
\\	Backslash
\'	Single quotation mark
\"	Double quotation mark
\?	Question mark
\0	Null character

5. String constants

String constants are the constants which are enclosed in a pair of double-quote marks. For example:

"good"                  //string constant
""                     //null string constant
"      "               //string constant of six white space
"x"                    //string constant having single character.
"Earth is round\n"         //prints string with newline

6. Enumeration constants

Keyword enum is used to define enumeration types. For example:

enum color {yellow, green, black, white};

Here, color is a variable and yellow, green, black and white are the enumeration constants having value 0, 1, 2 and 3 respectively. For more information, visit page: C Enumeration.

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Data types in C language | C Programs | C Language

Data types in c refer to an extensive system used for declaring variables or functions of different types. The type of a variable determines how much space it occupies in storage and how the bit pattern stored is interpreted.

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Data types in C :-

    1.Fundamental Data Types

        Integer types
        Floating type
        Character type

   2.Derived Data Types

        Arrays
        Pointers
        Structures
        Enumeration

    

   1. Integer data types

    Integers are whole numbers that can have both positive and negative values, but no decimal values. Example: 0, -5, 10

    In C programming, keyword int is used for declaring integer variable. For example:

    int id;

    Here, id is a variable of type integer.

    You can declare multiple variable at once in C programming. For example:

    int id, age;

    The size of int is either 2 bytes(In older PC's) or 4 bytes. If you consider an integer having size of 4 byte( equal to 32 bits), it can take 232 distinct states as: -231,-231+1, ...,-2, -1, 0, 1, 2, ..., 231-2, 231-1

    Similarly, int of 2 bytes, it can take 216 distinct states from -215 to 215-1. If you try to store larger number than 231-1, i.e,+2147483647 and smaller number than -231, i.e, -2147483648, program will not run correctly.  

    Floating types

    Floating type variables can hold real numbers such as: 2.34, -9.382, 5.0 etc. You can declare a floating point variable in C by using either float or double keyword. For example:

    float accountBalance;
    double bookPrice;

    Here, both accountBalance and bookPrice are floating type variables.

    In C, floating values can be represented in exponential form as well. For example:

    float normalizationFactor = 22.482e2;

  

    Character types

    Keyword char is used for declaring character type variables. For example:
    char test = 'h'

    Here, test is a character variable. The value of test is 'h'.

    The size of character variable is 1 byte.

   2. Derived Data Types

     Arrays

    Arrays a kind of data structure that can store a fixed-size sequential collection of elements of the same type. An array is used to store a collection of data, but it is often more useful to think of an array as a collection of variables of the same type.

    Instead of declaring individual variables, such as number0, number1, ..., and number99, you declare one array variable such as numbers and use numbers[0], numbers[1], and ..., numbers[99] to represent individual variables. A specific element in an array is accessed by an index.

    All arrays consist of contiguous memory locations. The lowest address corresponds to the first element and the highest address to the last element.
    Arrays in C

     Pointers

    Pointers in C are easy and fun to learn. Some C programming tasks are performed more easily with pointers, and other tasks, such as dynamic memory allocation, cannot be performed without using pointers. So it becomes necessary to learn pointers to become a perfect C programmer.

    Structures

    Arrays allow to define type of variables that can hold several data items of the same kind. Similarly structure is another user defined data type available in C that allows to combine data items of different kinds.

    Structures are used to represent a record. Suppose you want to keep track of your books in a library. You might want to track the following attributes about each book −

    Title
    Author
    Subject
    Book ID

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Hello world Program | Learn How to Display Your Name through C Language

Learn How to Write C Program to Display Text in Screen.

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Program to Display "Hello, World!"

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
   // printf() displays the string inside quotation
   printf("Hello World");
   return 0;
}

Output

Hello World

How "Hello, World!" program works?

• The #include <stdio.h> is a preprocessor command. This command tells compiler to include the contents of stdio.h (standard input and output) file in the program. The stdio.h file contains functions such as scanf() and print() to take input and display output respectively.
  If you use printf() function without writing #include <stdio.h>, the program will not be compiled.
• The execution of a C program starts from the main() function.
• The printf() is a library function to send formatted output to the screen. In this program, the printf() displays Hello, World! text on the screen.
• The return 0; statement is the "Exit status" of the program. In simple terms, program ends with this statement.

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How to Install turbo C in Windows

 Learn How to Install Turbo C in Your windows PC and Laptops.

Check Out in Youtube channel How to Install turbo C

 This Video Contains Details How to Install Turbo C in Windows.


How to Install turbo C in Your Windows System :-

Step 1 -  Download Turbo C from Download Turbo C

Step 2  - Save the file in Your PC.

Step 3 - Open the Saved or Downloaded file Folder.

Step 4 - Click on Save file.

Step 5 - Now Extract the File.

Step 6 - Open the Extracted file folder.

Step 7 - Click on SETUP.

Step 8 - Accept the Agreements of turbo C *----- Press " NEXT " ------*

Step 9 - LUNCH turbo C

Follow these Steps to Install Turbo C on Your PC (Windows)


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